2011年10月31日 星期一

Level 1 - Quantitative Method - Probability Distribution

Probability Distribution


Discrete Random Variable vs. Continuous Random Variable
- Discrete observations 的可能性有限,例如(1, 2, 3, 4, … 10),假設 probability 相同,每個數字可能性為1/10
  ※Limited outcome, equal probability à Discrete Uniform Random Variable
-  Continuous observations range 中,可以有限個小數位,所以每一個observationprobability = 1/ à approximate = 0


Binomial Distribution
重覆只有兩個outcomeevente.g.擲銀仔
Example:

        假設擲銀仔,probability = 0.4probability = 0.6,擲7:
a.      Expected value of :
P() * n à 0.4 * 7 = 2.8
7次預計會有8

b.      抽中exactly 4probability


Confidence Interval
% of observation within specific rangesome critical values:
- 90% confidence interval à mean ± 1.65 S.D.
- 95% confidence interval à mean ± 1.96 S.D.
- 99% confidence interval à mean ± 2.58 S.D.
- Within ± 1 S.D. à 68% confidence interval
- Within ± 2 S.D. à Approximate 95% confidence interval


Standard Normal Distribution


Features:
- Mean, median, mode = 0
- 50% below 0, 50% above 0 à symmetric
- S.D.作為量度距離的 measure
- No skewness and kurtosis = 3
- Tail 會不斷向 +ve -ve 伸展 à getting thin and infinite

有了這個 assumption,量度 observation mean 的距離,可計算出 > < value within a range probability

Using Z table to find probability
1.      observation 變成一個 Standardize value à Z
 Z = (observation – mean)/S.D.

2.      查表:

a.      N(Z) for Z >= 0
量度(1-upper tail) area/probability
Total area = 1,因為已包含所有的可能性
b.      N(Z) for Z <=0
量度 lower tail area
一般考試都不用查表,題目大多都已把表上的 valu e提供

3.      Application
a.      (1 – tail)sizee.g. observation above -Z or below +Z à table (a)
b.      tail sizee.g. observation >= +Z or <= -Z à table (b)
c.       rangee.g. – Z <= observation <= Z à table (b)計兩條tail size à 1 – 2 tails

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