Hypothesis Testing
Null and Alternative Hypothesis
- Null (Ho): 希望被推翻的立論
- Alternative (HA): 希望成立的立論
General Process of Testing
1. Define one or two tail test:
- Two tail : H0: x = 0, HA: x ≠ 0
- One tail : H0: x >= 0, HA: x < 0
2. 決定test statistics:
4. 比較 test statistics及critical value決定是否能reject null hypothesis
假設要test的是population mean是否等於0
è Test statistics = (sample value – hypothesized value)/S.D. or S.E.
3. 決定level of significance and its critical value (normal distribution)| Level of significance | One tail | Two tail |
| 1% | 2.33 | 2.58 |
| 5% | 1.65 | 1.96 |
| 10% | 1.28 | 1.65 |
Error and Power of Test
Type 1 Error:
錯誤地 reject 了真的 null hypothesis,level of significance愈大,錯的機會愈大
Type 2 Error:
Reject 不到錯的 null hypothesis
Power of Test:
正確地 reject 了錯的 null hypothesis 的機會率
P value:
Level of significant 要達到幾大,才可將 reject到 null hypothesis, e.g.:
In a two tail test, the observation is 1 S.D. from the mean, critical value indicates there’s 68% chance在 ± 1 S.D.中,所以 level of significance 要 32% 或以上才可 reject 到 null hypothesis
Typical test in exam
考試主要focus on testing observation (population mean) 是否在某一個range,> 或 < 某數值,然後再用sample size,population variance known or not而決定使用T or Z statistics,最後make decision on reject or not
Other tests
考試中,一般都不會問及以下test的計算方法,只要大概知道一下,就可以了
1. Difference in Mean test
- Test 兩個 population 的 mean 是否一樣或是否相差一個指定的數值
- Use T statistics
2. Paired Comparison test
- Test 兩個 population 是否 independent
- Use T statistics
3. Difference in Variance test
a. Test sample 與 population 的 variance 是否一樣 à use Chi square (X2) statistics
b. Test 兩個 population 的 variance 是否一樣 à use F statistics





